ITPEC FE Subject A April 2026 Question 37

Bundling data with its procedures in one object and hiding the implementation — that is encapsulation.

An object holds its data (attributes) together with the procedures (methods) that operate on it, and the outside world reaches them only through the object's public interface. Because the internals are hidden, they can change without affecting the code that uses the object; this concealment is also called information hiding.

Answer (b)

Why not others:

• •(a) — abstracting and grouping objects with common properties is classification, the idea behind a class
• •(c) — extracting the properties common to several classes into a base class is generalization
• •(d) — a subclass taking on the properties of its base class is inheritance

Key rule: Encapsulation concerns the boundary around a single object; classification, generalization and inheritance concern relationships between objects and classes.

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